Awk

awk '{ for(i = 1; i <= NF; i++) { print $i; } }'

Itterate over all fields

String manipulation

substr(<string>,<start>,<num>)

From <sting> return <num> characters, starting from <start>

n=split(var,ARR,<fs>)

Split var in array ARR, n holds the number of elements in ARR, <fs> is the field separator, if not given the variable FS is used as field separator (default white space). :Default action of awk for read line is NF=split(var,ARR," ")

NR++
$0=var
for ( i=1 ; i<=NF ; i++ ) {
 $i=ARR[i]
}

gsub(<regexp>,<string>,<variable>)

Replace <regexp> with <string> in <variable>. Return number of replacements.

<variable> is modified.

Calculations

Print average of field 4 for all records in <file> containing 'GW'

awk 'BEGIN {}
/GW/ {GW+=$4}
END {print GW/NR}' <file>

Matching

/<pattern>/ {code}

Execute code if the current line matches <pattern>

var ~ /<pattern>/ {code}

Execute code if var matches <pattern>

!~ to negate the match