Object Classes

Lots of things to tell about strings, they have there own string page. Objects are iterable if they can contain more than 1 ordered objects (string, list, tuple, dict). Objects are mutable if their content can be changed (list, set, dict)

isinstance(<obj>, <class>): Boolean (returns True or False) to check if <obj> is an instance of <class>

Note: Variables are pointers to objects, not the object itself.

list

Class of iterable, mutable objects. Lists can be compared to arrays in other languages. Lists can contain a mixture of all kind of objects.

lst1 = []: Initialize an empty list

lst1.append(2): Add the '2' object to the end of lst1

lst1.pop(n): Remove and return n^th element from lst1. Last element if n is not specified.

lst1=list(object): Convert object to a list (object is e.g. set, tuple or string)

lst1.sort(): Sort lst1 and return 'None' object

lst2 = sorted(iterable): Return the iterable object sorted as list

set

Class of non iterable, mutable objects. Objects added to sets are hashed. Therefor:

Only immutable objects can be added to a set.
Sets cannot hold duplicate objects (adding an object again does not change the set).
Checking if a set holds an object is very fast.

set1 = set(): Initialize an empty set

set1 = set([<values>]): Initialize a set with <values>. Note the list-format of <values>.

set1.add(2): Add the '2' object to set1. You can add only 1 object at a time.

set1.discard(2): Remove the '2' object from set1 (returns None object)

diffset = set1 - set2: diffset will have all elements of set1 that are not in set2

Tuple

Class of iterable, immutable objects. Results from database queries are by default returned as tuple.

tpl1 = (): Initialize an empty tuple

Dictionary or dict

Class of iterable, mutable objects. Dictionary's can be compared to perl hashes.

dict1 = {}: Initialize an empty dictionary.

dict1 = { column1: value1, column2: value2 }: Initialize dictionary with data

if key in dict:: Test if key exists in dict. if dict[key]: will throw a keyerror if it does not exist.

dict1.update(dict2): Add dict2 to dict1

dict1.pop(key): Remove key from dict1, return dict1[key] if successful, None if key does not exist in dict1.

Code example:

dict = {}
dict["name1"] = {}
dict["name1"]["street"] = "mystreet"
 
for name in dict:
   print name
   for key2 in dict[name]:
      print key2,dict[name][key2]
 
for name in dict:
   print name
   for key2 in sorted(dict[name].keys()):
      print key2,dict[name][key2]

None

The None object is returned e.g. if nothing is found in a re.search. The None object is not an empty string

Range

Constructor of immutable sequences of integers. Use with list, set, tuple to create the desired object, or for loops.

range(start,stop,step): Generic format. If you leave out step, step = 1. If only 1 parameter is provided, it is the stop number, start = 0, step = 1

for i in range (2,8,2):
    print(i)

DateTime

Lots more to do than setting timestamps (to be added)

from datetime import datetime
timestamp = datetime.now().strftime("%y%m%d_%H%M%S")

Slicing

You can address all iterable datatypes partly or in a difference sequence.

object[b:e:s]: Generic format where b=Begin (counting starts at 0), e=End, s=Stepsize (negative stepsize starts counting at the end)

Examples:

'last element of string'[-1]
'string in reversed order'[::-1]
'element 2,3 and 5 from string'[1:6:2]

Python:DataTypes

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